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Basics: What is Cushing’s disease?

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MaryO’Note:  I found this article very simplistic.  What do you think?

This article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Contact a qualified medical professional before engaging in any physical activity, or making any changes to your diet, medication or lifestyle.

Imagine the heart-pounding rush of adrenaline you’d get while bungee jumping or zip lining — that’s what Angela Yawn felt all the time before receiving her diagnosis.

In a span of six years, the 49-year-old gained 52 kg (115 lbs) and suffered from joint swelling, headaches, skin redness and a racing heart.

“I would put my hand on my chest because it made me feel like that’s what I needed to do to hold my heart in,” Yawn, who lives in Griffin, U.S., told Today. “I noticed it during the day, but at night when I was trying to lie down and sleep, it was worse because I could do nothing but hear it beat, feel it thump.”

Yawn recalled being the most frustrated with the weight gain, as she’d put on 1 kg (2 lbs) a day while only eating 600 calories. “I was going crazy,” she said.

After dozens of doctors couldn’t piece together her seemingly unrelated symptoms, Yawn sought out the help of an endocrinologist in February 2021.

Blood tests and an MRI confirmed that Yawn had a tumour in her pituitary gland — a small, pea-sized organ at the base of the brain — that caused the gland to release excess adrenocorticotropic hormones. As a result, she became inundated with cortisol, a steroid the body  releases  in response to danger or stress. This combination of factors led to her diagnosis — Cushing’s disease.

Read on to learn more about Cushing’s disease, signs and symptoms as well as how it can be prevented.

What is Cushing’s disease?

“Cushing’s disease is a rare but serious condition that is caused by a pituitary tumour,” a specialist from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) pituitary team tells Yahoo Canada. “The gland releases excessive adrenocorticotropic hormones and cortisol into the blood over a long period of time. It’s a hormonal disorder that is sometimes called hypercortisolism, and you will need to see an endocrinologist or someone who specializes in hormonal-related diseases to confirm your diagnosis and to help you receive proper care.”

Cushing’s disease is not the same as Cushing’s syndrome, which refers to elevated levels of cortisol in the blood and is much more common than Cushing’s disease. Unlike the disease, Cushing’s syndrome can be  caused  by taking medications that have cortisol such as prednisone, asthma inhalers and joint steroid injections.

Who is at risk for Cushing’s disease?

Cushing’s disease is incredibly rare, resulting in only 10 to 15 new cases per million people in the United States each year, according to UCLA Health.

“It’s most commonly found in people between the ages of 20 and 50, and affects about three times more women than men,” the UCLA source, who asked not to be named, says. “However, you might be more at risk if you have high blood pressure, if you’re overweight or if you have type 2 diabetes.”

What are the signs and symptoms of Cushing’s disease?

Although each person may have a unique combination of symptoms, patients typically experience changes to their physical appearance, according to Mayo Clinic.

“It’s very common to see rapid weight gain, red cheeks and bruising of the skin,” the UCLA source says. “I’ve also seen patients with generalized fatigue, depression, high blood pressure, a rapid heartbeat and loss of vision.”

“The symptoms can seem random or unrelated, which is why it can be so hard to diagnose,” they add.

To establish if you have the disease, your doctor will conduct a physical exam and ask you about your symptoms and medical history. Generally, the first step in diagnosing Cushing’s disease is determining the state of excess cortisol in the blood. Afterwards, an MRI will determine if a pituitary tumour is visible.

If you have symptoms of Cushing’s disease, you should make an appointment to see a doctor or endocrinologist.

How is Cushing’s disease treated?

In the last decade, treatment options have changed thanks to several breakthroughs in pituitary science.

“Surgery to remove the tumour is normally the first treatment option. It’s minimally invasive, has a fairly high success rate and it’s the only long-term cure for Cushing’s disease at the moment,” explains the UCLA source.

If surgery isn’t an option or doesn’t solve the problem, medication and radiation therapy are other ways to treat the disease.

“No matter the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis, treating it requires an experienced specialist or team of doctors familiar with pituitary tumours,” the UCLA source adds.

How can I prevent Cushing’s disease?

“There’s no tried and true method of preventing the condition,” the source explains. “But if you’re at risk or if you think you have the disease, I always recommend having a doctor monitor your cortisol levels on a regular basis.”

The UCLA source also recommends implementing healthy  lifestyle  changes that can help prevent high blood pressure. Examples include reducing stress, getting adequate sleep, exercising regularly and eating a healthy  diet  that’s rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

Adapted from https://ca.news.yahoo.com/what-is-cushings-disease-experts-warn-rare-serious-condition-120015725.html

⁉️ Myth: “All Cushing’s patients have the exact same symptoms

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Myth: “All Cushing’s patients have the exact same symptoms and the level of illness is the same for everyone. If you do not have ALL of the classic symptoms of Cushing’s, then you must NOT have Cushing’s Syndrome/Disease!”

myth-busted

Fact: Everyone does NOT have the exact same symptoms. Not all Cushing’s patients are exactly the same. This is one mistake that non experts tend to make in terms of categorizing patients by whether they meet the exact same classic symptoms or not. Experts have come to learn that each patient should be treated individually. Though there are symptoms that are more prominent in the Cushing’s population, not every patient has to meet every single symptom in order to meet criteria for Cushing’s.

For instance, not all Cushing’s patients become overweight. Everyone does not gain the same amount of weight. There are various theories as to why. One issue is that different patients are diagnosed at different stages of the illness. We know that patients tend not to be diagnosed at the onset of the illness because of doctors’ misconception that Cushing’s patients must be extremely obese to have the disease. So, patients who have not gained as much weight may not be listened to until after the weight has gotten out of control. However, there ARE patients who are diagnosed early enough where there has not been a tremendous amount of weight gain.

I (Karen Ternier Thames), for one, started trying to get help after gaining my first 30 pounds because I KNEW that something was wrong with my body. Had I received an appropriate diagnosis, I probably would not have gained the 150 pounds I ended up gaining in 5 years.

Regardless of the reason, it is a myth that all Cushing’s patients gain the same amount of weight. The following are other additional reasons that an endocrinologist gave me for supposedly not meeting the criteria for Cushing’s when I was misdiagnosed: “1. Your stretch marks are not purple enough”, 2. “Your buffalo hump is not large enough”, 3. “You are not THAT fat!”, 4. “Cushing’s patients do NOT have children”, and 5. ” your face does not look like a classic moon face”. These are some of the reasons why, 2 years earlier, this same doctor dismissed apparently high cortisol levels, and didn’t even tell me, leading to several more years of suffering!

So, not all Cushing’s patients are obese, not all Cushing’s patients gain the same weight at the same rate, not all Cushing’s patients have the same size buffalo hump or the same round moon face. There are variations in these symptoms. IF you are experiencing extreme changes in your body regardless of diet and exercise and its not influenced by external factors, then it is time to speak up!

It is important to raise concern with your doctor if you do have ANY Cushing’s symptoms. Please do not be inhibited if you do not show every single symptom!

⁉️ Cushing’s Myths and Facts

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Dr. Karen Thames shared these on her Facebook Page, Empowering People with Invisible Chronic Illness – The EPIC Foundation

She has graciously given me permission to share them here and on the Cushing’s Help message boards.

Find these pages here, under the Cushing’s Myths and Facts category.

Thanks, Karen!

ℹ️ Basics: Cushing’s Syndrome Overview

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Cushing’s syndrome is a rare disorder that occurs when the body is exposed to too much cortisol. Cortisol is produced by the body and is also used in corticosteroid drugs. Cushing’s syndrome can occur either because cortisol is being overproduced by the body or from the use of drugs that contain cortisol (like  prednisone ).

Cortisol is the body’s main stress hormone. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal glands in response to the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary. One form of Cushing’s syndrome may be caused by an oversecretion of ACTH by the pituitary leading to an excess of cortisol.

Cortisol has several functions, including the regulation of inflammation and controlling how the body uses carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Corticosteroids such as prednisone, which are often used to treat inflammatory conditions, mimic the effects of cortisol.

Stay tuned for more basic info…

🎬 Video: How the Body Works: The Adrenal Cortex and Medulla

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The adrenal glands sitting above the kidneys are richly supplied with blood and with sympathetic nerve endings. Block sections show the blood supply and cellular arrangement of the adrenals.

Two different regions are distinguishable–the cortex, controlled by the pituitary hormone ACTH, produces hormones which maintain body chemistry, and the medulla, which secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline to increase body activity.

 

ℹ️ Precision One Health Initiative

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It took Yana Zavros 16 years to get diagnosed with a disorder called Cushing’s disease.

Sixteen years of a demoralizing condition that causes muscle weakness, mood changes, and weight gain, among other symptoms, because the patient’s adrenal glands produce too much of the stress hormone cortisol.

By the time Zavros received her diagnosis, she was an accomplished researcher at the University of Arizona who focused on gastric and pancreatic cancer. Cushing’s is rare in humans, and Zavros was frustrated by how long it took to diagnose and that the only treatments available to her weren’t even specific to her disease.

Then, she remembered that she was qualified to start a research program and do something about it.

“It was a turning point in how I viewed research and what we do as scientists,” she says. “I found my purpose.”

In fall 2024, Zavros joined UGA’s new School of Medicine as Research Center Director and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Molecular Medicine. Already, she is partnering with scholars on campus to find new answers for Cushing’s while continuing her cancer research.

Zavros believes the solution for better diagnosis and treatment for Cushing’s disease in humans is first understanding how to cure the disease in dogs through an approach to research called One Health. This concept looks for health solutions beyond the human by also considering animal and environmental health. In the last five years, UGA has invested in the One Health approach as part of a broader effort to bring interdisciplinary research teams together to tackle complex 21st century challenges.

While Cushing’s in humans is rare, that’s not true for canines. About 100,000 dogs are diagnosed with the hormonal disorder each year. Like their human counterparts, dogs with the disease suffer from weakness and weight gain. They also lose their fur, gain pot bellies, and can have a shorter life span.

The fact that both humans and man’s best friend share the disease (which, to be clear, is not contagious) might be the key to finding better treatments or perhaps even a cure for Cushing’s for both species.

“One Health is all about the intersections between humans, other animals, and our environment,” says Jon Mochel, director of UGA’s Precision One Health Initiative. “What can we learn about similarities in diseases, such as cancer or cardiarenal and metabolic diseases, that are shared by humans and other animals? What conditions lead to disease transmission between animals and humans? What role does the environment play in all of this? And how can we create better conditions to optimize human, veterinary, and environmental health?”

One Health has been practiced at UGA for over a decade, but the concept accelerated with the launch of UGA’s Precision One Health Initiative, supported by a hiring initiative in 2021. With UGA’s new School of Medicine, UGA is one of 13 universities in the nation with schools of veterinary medicine, human medicine, and agriculture on one campus. Add these to UGA’s other strengths, which range from pharmacy and engineering to public policy, law, and business, and UGA is positioned to make a unique impact.

“By working together, we can accelerate the discoveries of cures and then speed up the translation of discoveries to bedside practice,” said Jack S. Hu, senior vice president for academic affairs and provost at UGA’s One Health Symposium in November.

This interdisciplinary approach is being targeted at Cushing’s disease. UGA researchers are trying to understand, on a molecular level, the tumors that often cause the condition. And since the disease is much more common in dogs, researchers are collecting tumor biopsies from canine patients at UGA’s Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

“From those biopsies,” explains Mochel, who is also a co-investigator on the Cushing’s project, “we’ve created mini-tumors in dishes to screen for thousands of molecules in the cells. This process will allow us to determine which drugs could be safe and effective in fighting the disease.”

Researchers hope to customize optimal treatments for individual canine patients. If the trial treating dogs for Cushing’s is successful, then the next step is studying treatments in humans.

The research project could help with other applications as well. For example, Karin Allenspach, a clinician scientist and professor of pathology in the College of Veterinary Medicine, is a co-investigator on the Cushing’s research, helping create the mini-tumors called organoids, which serve as three-dimensional models of diseased tissues. These organoids can also be used in cancer research to help try out more drugs more quickly and pinpoint which ones should be tested in clinical trials. If this approach works, it means better treatments delivered to patients faster and cheaper.

UGA’s Precision One Health Initiative is just getting underway, but there’s already momentum toward making an impact.

“We have the resources, the talent, and the expertise to move this field forward,” Mochel says. “Our next step is to effectively translate these efforts from the lab to the patient’s bedside.”

–Aaron Hale, University of Georgia

From https://www.morningagclips.com/one-health/

🎥 Pituitary Tumors and Treatments

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Pituitary tumors start in the pituitary gland. They’re usually benign (not cancerous) and rarely spread to other parts of the body.

Dr. Borghei-Razavi discusses pituitary tumors and treatments through minimally invasive surgical approaches offered at Cleveland Clinic Florida.

🎥 Adrenal Crisis: Still Deadly in the 21st Century.

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Adrenal crisis is a life-threatening medical emergency, associated with a high mortality unless it is appropriately recognized and early treatment is rendered.

Despite it being a treatable condition for almost 70 years, failure of adequate preventive measures or delayed treatment has often led to unnecessary deaths.

⁉️ Cushing’s Myths and Facts:: “Each Person Requires the Same Dose of Steroid in Order to Survive…”

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Myth: “Each person requires the same dose of steroid in order to survive with Secondary or Primary Adrenal Insufficiency”

myth-busted

Fact: In simple terms, Adrenal Insufficiency occurs when the body does not have enough cortisol in it. You see, cortisol is life sustaining and we actually do need cortisol to survive. You have probably seen the commercials about “getting rid of extra belly fat” by lowering your cortisol. These advertisements make it hard for people to actually understand the importance of the function of cortisol.

After a Cushing’s patient has surgery, he/she goes from having very high levels of cortisol to no cortisol at all. For pituitary patients, the pituitary, in theory, should start working eventually again and cause the adrenal glands to produce enough cortisol. However, in many cases; the pituitary gland does not resume normal functioning and leaves a person adrenally insufficient. The first year after pit surgery is spent trying to get that hormone to regulate on its own normally again. For a patient who has had a Bilateral Adrenalectomy (BLA), where both adrenal glands are removed as a last resort to “cure” Cushing’s; his/her body will not produce cortisol at all for his/her life. This causes Primary Adrenal Insufficiency.

All Cushing’s patients spend time after surgery adjusting medications and weaning slowly from steroid (cortisol) to get the body to a maintenance dose, which is the dose that a “normal” body produces. This process can be a very long one. Once on maintenance, a patient’s job is not over. He/She has to learn what situations require even more cortisol. You see, cortisol is the stress hormone and also known as the Fight or Flight hormone. Its function is to help a person respond effectively to stress and cortisol helps the body compensate for both physical and emotional stress. So, when faced with a stressor, the body will produce 10X the baseline levels in order to compensate. When a person can not produce adequate amounts of cortisol to compensate, we call that Adrenal Insufficiency. If it gets to the point of an “Adrenal Crisis”, this means that the body can no longer deal and will go into shock unless introduced to extremely high levels of cortisol, usually administered through an emergency shot of steroid.

There are ways to help prevent a crisis, by taking more steroid than the maintenance dose during times of stress. This can be anything from going to a family function (good stress counts too) to fighting an infection or illness. Acute stressors such as getting into a car accident or sometimes even having a really bad fight require more cortisol as well.

It was once believed that everyone responded to every stressor in the exact same way. So, there are general guidelines about how much more cortisol to introduce to the body during certain stressors. For instance, during infection, a patient should take 2-3X the maintenance dose of steroid (cortisol). Also, even the maintenance dose was considered the same for everyone. Now a days, most doctors will say that 20 mg of Hydrocortisone (Steroid/Cortisol) is the appropriate maintenance dose for EVERYONE. Now, we know that neither is necessarily true. Although the required maintenance dose is about the same for everyone; some patients require less and some require more. I have friends who will go into an adrenal crisis if they take LESS than 30 mg of daily steroid. On the other hand, 30 mg may be way too much for some and those folks may even require LESS daily steroid, like 15 mg. Also, I want to stress (no pun intended) that different stressors affect different people differently. For some, for instance, an acute scare may not affect them. However, for others, receiving bad news or being in shock WILL put their bodies into crisis. That person must then figure out how much additional steroid is needed.

Each situation is different and each time may be different. Depending on the stressor, a person may need just a little more cortisol or a lot. Every person must, therefore, learn their own bodies when dealing with Adrenal Insufficiency. This is VERY important! I learned this the hard way. As a Clinical Psychologist; I assumed that my “coping skills” would be enough to prevent a stressor from putting me into crisis. That was FAR from the truth! I have learned that I can not necessarily prevent my body’s physiological response to stress. People often ask me, “BUT you are a psychologist! Shouldn’t you be able to deal with stress?!!!!” What they don’t realize is that my BODY is the one that has to do the job of compensating. Since my body can not produce cortisol at all, my job is to pay close attention to it so that I can take enough steroid to respond to any given situation. We all have to do that. We all have to learn our own bodies. This is vitally important and will save our lives!

To those we have lost in our community to Adrenal Insufficiency after treatment of Cushing’s, Rest in Peace my friends! Your legacies live on forever!

~ By Karen Ternier Thames

🦓 Digging deep: Depression, anxiety and suicide

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From Cushie Blogger 

We lost a young woman with Cushing’s to suicide in 2014. There are rumors now that another recent loss was suicide as well. In my mind, regardless of what the exact cause was, Cushing’s is at fault.  Cushing’s led them to their deaths just as surely as if it had struck the death blow itself. If that is hard for you to fathom, then please allow me to educate you briefly on this dastardly, “most morbid of diseases” and why I feel the way I do.

Read more at https://muskegfarm.blogspot.com/2018/04/digging-deep-depression-anxiety-and.html